国家系列:荷兰需要对可再生能源作出强有力的承诺

贸易、工业和农业构成了荷兰经济的基石. Industry is largely based on the import of raw materials which are processed and then exported. 进出其他欧盟国家的大部分贸易也要经过荷兰, 尤其是因为这个国家的重要港口.

然而, its dependence on international trade makes 荷兰 vulnerable to fluctuations in the world economy. The country was hit hard by the financial crisis in 2008, which also put climate policy on hold.

气候暂停

尽管近几十年来没有一个国家能够忽视气候危机, 许多人, 出于各种原因, 拖延处理问题，拖延采取必要行动. 荷兰就是其中之一.

根据 欧盟统计局在美国，荷兰的可再生能源占比为8%.2019年增长8%，与2020年底实现14%的目标相去甚远. 根据荷兰气候研究所的数据 PBL荷兰环境评估机构在美国，该国也不太可能实现其2030年的目标.

尼尔斯·范德林登, 他是荷兰十大最好的网赌平台风能和太阳能部门的负责人, 认为他知道原因.

“多年来，经济一直决定着荷兰的能源政策. 十大靠谱网赌巨大的天然气储量和其他经济实惠的能源, 比如煤, 对企业和私人家庭都很重要吗. 可再生能源太贵了。.

——“因此，向可再生能源的过渡远远落后于计划. 如果十大靠谱网赌要实现十大靠谱网赌的气候目标，就没有别的办法了. 未来几年，十大靠谱网赌将需要更多的太阳能和风能发电. 幸运的是, it seems that both the government and the Dutch people have now realised the seriousness of the situation."

廉价的天然气和煤炭

The fact that 荷兰 has substantial natural gas reserves has undoubtedly helped to slow down the green shift. 根据 牛津能源研究所, gas covers about 40 per cent of Dutch energy needs, compared to 23 per cent in the EU as a whole. 95%的私人家庭使用天然气供暖.

荷兰目前正面临逐步淘汰天然气发电的问题. 巨大的格罗宁根气田, 它是欧洲同类建筑中最大的, 从1959年开始运营，现在关闭了吗. 原因之一是该地区地震频发, 是什么让当地居民和地质学家都感到困扰. Consequently, 荷兰 must either become less dependent on gas or increase its gas imports.

“十大靠谱网赌也有煤电，但到2030年将逐步淘汰. This means that in the future we must either buy gas from other countries or achieve a green shift to renewable energy and electrification of households, 工业及运输业,瓦莱丽·范·哈根说, 他是Statkraft在阿姆斯特丹办事处的太阳能和风能分析师.

"The biggest challenge for 荷兰 is to achieve a fast enough transition from gas to renewable energy sources. 将工业转向绿色将是一个挑战. 行业, 直到现在, 通过购买其他国家的排放配额，中国在很大程度上解决了气候挑战, 但是现在中国面临着越来越大的减排压力. 另一个挑战是使家庭改用电力或其他热源. 整个基础设施都是以天然气为基础的，因此这种转变给荷兰社会带来了巨大的成本."

赢得气候诉讼

尽管荷兰在气候措施方面长期落后, 当激进组织 Urgenda filed a lawsuit in 2015 to get the state to implement climate measures in accordance with international conventions and its own legislation. 在法庭上, the Dutch state was ordered to reduce the country's greenhouse gas emissions by at least 25 per cent from 1990 levels.

国家接受了判决，但根据原则提出了上诉. 2018年，此案再次被提起，荷兰政府再次败诉. 根据法庭, the climate crisis is such a serious threat to people's lives and health that the state has a duty to ensure that Dutch emissions be reduced as quickly as possible. 许多国家的活动人士都尝试过类似的诉讼, 但只有在荷兰，国家被要求实施气候行动.

气候协议

为了实现更积极的气候政策，政府在2019年实施了一项新政策 国家气候协议 with proposals for measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 49 per cent from 1990 levels by 2030 and make 荷兰 climate neutral by 2050.

这些措施包括1 .提高能源效率.500万套现房, 所有新住宅采用非化石燃料供暖, zero emission requirements for all new cars by 2030 and an additional carbon tax for 行业 on top of the EU emission trading system. 到2025年，政府还将为可再生能源的发展提供补贴, 目标是到2030年可再生能源占比达到70%.

需要当地支持

The climate agreement has been signed between the Dutch government and a large number of stakeholders in society and business. 尼尔斯·范德林登认为这对国家的成功至关重要.

在荷兰, 让所有利益相关者参与实施这些类型的措施是很重要的. 尤其是, 让当地社区参与进来很重要, so the government is delegating responsibility to the regions and asking them to come back with suggestions on how climate targets can be achieved through local measures."

与许多其他国家一样，绿色转型不会自动发生. 当煤和天然气被风力涡轮机和太阳能公园所取代, 这会产生阻力, 即使在荷兰. People may be fans of renewable energy, but they do not want the wind turbines in their own backyard.

“十大靠谱网赌是一个人口稠密的小国，可用的土地空间有限. 十大靠谱网赌的农业部门是世界上最大的, 荷兰是世界第二大农产品出口国. 因为通常都是农业用地租给了发电厂, 农业利益和对可再生能源的需求之间产生了冲突,瓦莱丽·范·哈根说.

 “在过去, 政府未经人民同意就决定开发风力发电, 造成了很多当地的冲突和抵抗, 甚至对风力发电开发商的威胁. Therefore the climate agreement includes a commitment that development will take place with local participation and co-ownership. 在Statkraft，十大靠谱网赌总是希望当地社区参与新项目的开发. If people are to understand the value of locally produced renewable energy, they need to be heard. 良好的对话和当地利益相关者的支持对项目的可行性至关重要."

尼尔斯·范德林登 believes that there are good opportunities for Statkraft to become a bigger player in 荷兰 in the future than it is today.

“目前的市场由几家主要的太阳能和风能开发商主导, Statkraft不在前十之列. 十大靠谱网赌不一定会成为最大的公司之一，但十大靠谱网赌有发展的雄心. 该国必须加大对可再生能源的关注, 这为包括Statkraft在内的几家公司提供了机会."

到目前为止，Statkraft已经在荷兰建造了一个太阳能公园， 兰格Runde in 2017. It was the largest that was built that year, and the company has several others under development. 符合其战略, Statkraft operates primarily as a developer in 荷兰 and does not wish to own or operate the power plants.